Results

This project deliverable presents the DyMoN nudging repository which provides a set of digital behaviour change techniques (i.e., nudges) that are suitable to be used as push notifications for a mobile application in order to motivate sustainable mobility (walking, bicycling, public transport). The deliverable briefly describes the COM-B model as the basic model applied by DyMoN for the digital behaviour change interventions and the design of the nudging repository, and the variables and use of the repository.

This file provides the DyMoN nudging repository that is a set of digital behaviour change techniques (i.e., nudges) which are suitable to be used as push notifications for a mobile application in order to motivate sustainable mobility (walking, bicycling, public transport).

This project deliverable describes the DyMoN Data Hub with its data processing model, software architecture and clients, and potential uses for situation-aware nudging. The content consists of the following parts:

Nudge ontologies: ● Situation awareness and its role in nudging approaches ● Rulesets translating the text representation of situation in nudges into data thresholds and conditional statements.

Data processing model: ● Data processing model of the Data Hub defining the steps necessary to acquire and prepare data from its raw state to final information stored in the Data Hub ● Data assessment matrix that identifies data availability and suitability according to information demand for the nudging repository, dashboard, and simulation model ● Data acquisition requirements ● Syntactic interoperability of data that identifies how to join different datasets to generate information.

Software architecture: ● Technical specifications of the Data Hub with its data and nudge repositories, and its API that provides calculated data layers and nudges to the DyMoN API ● Technical specification of the DyMoN API that provides data layers and nudges to external end-clients, such as the citizens’ app and dashboard.

End-clients: ● Functional requirements of the citizens’ app in order to adopt DyMoN framework’s services ● Design of the dashboard for city managers and citizens to monitor mobility-related data and assist in decision-making.

Nudging Review (Deliverable 2.1a)

This deliverable describes what is needed in order to design behavioural interventions that encourage people to use more sustainable modes of mobility more often. Such measure are certainly needed, especially in the face of climate change, but reducing car traffic, emissions and noise can also make cities more liveable places. With the wide use and possibilities offered especially by mobile devices, there have been considerable efforts already in the mobility field to change behaviours with digital interventions. However, the efforts are often not as effective as they could be, because many of the interventions in the mobility field operate without any theoretical model of behaviour change. In this deliverable, written by Salzburg Research, we discuss why and how interventions should be firmly rooted in appropriate theories, and for the mobility field, we suggest using an already existing model of behaviour change, the COM-B model developed by Susan Michie and colleagues. The model will serve as a theoretical behaviour change model for the DyMoN project, for designing the set of (digital) behaviour change interventions (“nudging repository”) for encouraging use of sustainable mobility modes, and for informing city representatives on how they can motivate more sustainable mobility within their cities.

Review of User Needs (Deliverable 2.1b)

The report provides insights from the analyses of user needs, collected through four transnational think tanks with end-user citizens, eleven in-depth interviews with city stakeholders and a workshop on the dashboard design involving five smart city stakeholders.  Based  on  a  co-creation  approach  for  primary  data  collection,  the analysis  presented  in this  report  provides  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  needs, aspirations and expectations of the user groups concerned by the nudging repository and the overall  DyMoN  framework.  Specifically,  the  document  presents  an  overview  of  the  needs expressed  by  end  users  (citizens),  as  well  as  smart  city  mobility  stakeholders  (mobility managers, urban planners and other practitioners in the public mobility sector) from Austria, Germany and Sweden.

The document provides key insights from the analysis of the following three actions led by the DyMoN partners: 1) Four international think tanks (one with female – only participants) led by Ecollective. 2) Eleven  individual  interviews  (with  mobility  managers,  city  representatives,  urban planners) led by Sustainability InnoCenter. 3) A workshop on the smart city dashboard (with five smart city managers from Austria and Germany) led by Trafficon.

In addition, two students wrote a master’s thesis on the topic of user needs as part of DyMoN. Mehri Fakhri and Rozita Zeinodin were interns at the project partner SustainabilityInnoCenter and completed their master’s thesis at Uppsala University. Since a master’s thesis is also an important contribution to a project in terms of knowledge transfer, this work should also be considered here.

To improve the efficiency of nudging techniques applied in the transition to sustainable mobility – An applied urban study within the transport sector

Digital, data-based nudging is seen as an innovative method for influencing behaviour without threat or banning options. However, concerns have been expressed that it is a paternalistic way of manipulating people into behaviour that even taps into subconscious and automatic decision-making. In light of tailoring nudges with big data for personalization for added effectiveness, ethical problems about privacy of personal data arise. In our contribution, we address these challenges within the framework of responsible innovation. For the field of sustainable mobility, we demonstrate how responsible digital nudges can be designed by incorporating reflexivity and inclusion. We discuss how ethical implications as well as issues of data privacy and use of personal data can be reflected in the design process of data-based nudges, and present results from cocreation workshops that were used to get feedback, improvement and new ideas for nudges. Finally, we give recommendations for designing responsible digital, data-based nudges.

Download publication here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6643394

Citation: Luger-Bazinger, Claudia, Marquez, Rodessa May, Harms, Carlotta, Loidl, Martin, Kaziyeva, Dana, & Hornung-Prähauser, Veronika. (2022). Ethics of digital, data-based nudges: The need for responsible innovation. Proceedings of the XXXIII ISPIM Innovation Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5-8 June 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6643394